॥ अथ श्रीमद्भगवद्गीता ॥
अथ प्रथमो[1]ऽध्यायः
अर्जुनविषादयोगः
Chapter 1
Arjuna-viṣāda-yogaḥ - Topic of Arjuna’s sorrow
(4th - 11th śloka - names of great warriors of both sides)
धृतराष्ट्र उवाच
धर्मक्षेत्रे कुरुक्षेत्रे समवेता युयुत्सवः।
मामकाः पाण्डवाश्चैव किमकुर्वत सञ्जय ॥१.१॥
dhṛtarāṣṭra[2] uvāca
dharmakṣetre kurukṣetre samavetā yuyutsavaḥ |
māmakāḥ pāṇḍavāś[3]caiva kim akurvata sañjaya! ||1.1||
dharmakṣetre kurukṣetre samavetā yuyutsavaḥ |
māmakāḥ pāṇḍavāś[3]caiva kim akurvata sañjaya! ||1.1||
sañjaya! dharmakṣetre[4] kurukṣetre[5][6] samavetāḥ yuyutsavaḥ[7] māmakāḥ ca pāṇḍavāḥ eva[8] kim akurvata |
Dhṛtarāṣṭra said:
O Sañjaya! (sañjaya!) Desiring to fight (yuyutsavaḥ), what (kim) in fact (eva) did my people (māmakāḥ), and (ca) the Pāṇḍavas (pāṇḍavāḥ) do (akurvata), assembled (samavetāḥ) at Kurukṣetra (kurukṣetre), the abode of dharma (dharmakṣetre)? ||1.1||
सञ्जय उवाच
दृष्ट्वा तु पाण्डवानीकं व्यूढं दुर्योधनस्तदा।
आचार्यमुपसंगम्य राजा वचनमब्रवीत्॥१.२॥
sañjaya uvāca
dṛṣṭvā tu pāṇḍavānīkaṃ vyūḍhaṃ duryodhanas-tadā |
ācāryam-upasaṅgamya rājā vacanam-abravīt ||1.2||
dṛṣṭvā tu pāṇḍavānīkaṃ vyūḍhaṃ duryodhanas-tadā |
ācāryam-upasaṅgamya rājā vacanam-abravīt ||1.2||
tadā rājā duryodhanaḥ[9] pāṇḍavānīkaṃ[10] vyūḍhaṃ dṛṣṭvā[11] tu ācāryam[12] upa-saṅgamya[13] vacanam abravīt |
Sañjaya said:
Then (tadā), seeing (dṛṣṭvā) the army of the Pāṇḍavas (pāṇḍavānīkaṃ) in battle formation (vyūḍham), King (rājā) Duryodhana (duryodhanaḥ) approaching (upa-saṅgamya) his teacher (ācāryam), spoke (abravīt) these words (vacanam). ||1.2||
पश्यैतां पाण्डुपुत्राणामाचार्य महतीं चमूम्।
व्यूढां द्रुपदपुत्रेण तव शिष्येण धीमता॥१.३॥
paśyaitāṃ pāṇḍuputrāṇām ācārya! mahatīṃ camūm |
vyūḍhāṃ drupadaputreṇa tava śiṣyeṇa dhīmatā ||1.3||
vyūḍhāṃ drupadaputreṇa tava śiṣyeṇa dhīmatā ||1.3||
ācārya! tava dhīmatā[14] śiṣyeṇa drupada-putreṇa[15][16] [17]vyūḍhāṃ pāṇḍu-putrāṇām[18] etāṃ mahatīṃ camūṃ[19][20] paśya |
O Teacher (ācārya!)! Please look (paśya) at this (etāṃ) great (mahatīṃ) army (camūm) of the sons of Pāṇḍu (pāṇḍu-putrāṇām), formed (vyūḍhāṃ) and led by your (tava) brilliant (dhīmatā) disciple (śiṣyeṇa), the son of Drupada (drupada-putreṇa). ||1.3||
(Description of the Pāṇḍava side)
(4th, 5th, 6th to be read together)
अत्र शूरा महेष्वासा भीमार्जुनसमा युधि।
युयुधानो विराटश्च द्रुपदश्च महारथः॥१.४॥
धृष्टकेतुश्चेकितानः काशिराजश्च वीर्यवान्।
पुरुजित्कुन्तिभोजश्च शैब्यश्च नरपुंगवः॥१.५॥
युधामन्युश्च विक्रान्त उत्तमौजाश्च वीर्यवान्।
सौभद्रो द्रौपदेयाश्च सर्व एव महारथाः॥१.६॥
atra śūrā maheṣvāsā bhīmārjunasamā yudhi |
yuyudhāno[21] virāṭaś[22]ca drupadaś[23]-ca mahārathaḥ ||1.4||
yuyudhāno[21] virāṭaś[22]ca drupadaś[23]-ca mahārathaḥ ||1.4||
dhṛṣṭaketuś[24]-cekitānaḥ kāśirājaś[25]-ca vīryavān |
purujit-kuntibhojaś[26]-ca śaibyaś[27]-ca narapuṅgavaḥ ||1.5||
yudhāmanyuś[28]-ca vikrānta uttamaujāś[29]-ca vīryavān |
saubhadro[30] draupadeyāś[31]-ca sarva[32] eva mahārathāḥ ||1.6||
purujit-kuntibhojaś[26]-ca śaibyaś[27]-ca narapuṅgavaḥ ||1.5||
yudhāmanyuś[28]-ca vikrānta uttamaujāś[29]-ca vīryavān |
saubhadro[30] draupadeyāś[31]-ca sarva[32] eva mahārathāḥ ||1.6||
atra maheṣvāsāḥ[33] yudhi bhīmārjunasamāḥ[34] śūrāḥ (santi) | yuyudhānaḥ[35], virāṭaḥ ca, mahārathaḥ[36] drupadaḥ ca...
....dhṛṣṭaketuḥ[37], cekitānaḥ[38], ca vīryavān[39][40] kāśirājaḥ, purujit kuntibhojaḥ ca, nara-puṅgavaḥ[41] śaibyaḥ ca...
.... yudhāmanyuḥ vikrāntaḥ ca, vīryavān[42]uttamaujāḥ[43][44]ca, saubhadraḥ[45][46], draupadeyāḥ[47] ca sarve eva mahārathāḥ |
Here (atra), in this battle (yudhi) there are unrivalled bowsmen/archers (maheṣvāsāḥ), equal to Bhīma and Arjuna (bhīmārjuna-samāḥ), great warriors (śūrāḥ) (each one of them): Yuyudhāna (yuyudhānaḥ), and (ca) the King of Virāṭa (virāṭaḥ), and (ca) valorous (mahārathaḥ) King Drupada (drupadaḥ)..… ||1.4||
…..Dhṛṣṭaketu (dhṛṣṭaketuḥ), Cekitāna (cekitānaḥ), and (ca) the valiant (vīryavān) king of Kāśī (kāśirājaḥ) Purujit (purujit), and (ca) Kuntibhoja (kuntibhojaḥ), and (ca) and the most exalted among men (narapuṅgavaḥ) Śaibya (śaibyaḥ), …..||1.5||
…..and (ca) the powerful (vikrāntaḥ) Yudhāmanyu (yudhāmanyuḥ), and (ca) Uttamaujā, (uttamaujāḥ) a warrior of great strength (vīryavān), the son of Subhadra (saubhadraḥ), and (ca) the sons of Draupadī (draupadeyāḥ), all (sarve) valourous warriors (mahārathāḥ) indeed (eva). ||1.6||
(Description of the Kaurava side)
अस्माकं तु विशिष्टा ये तान्निबोध द्विजोत्तम।
नायका मम सैन्यस्य संज्ञार्थं तान्ब्रवीमि ते॥१.७॥
asmākaṃ tu viśiṣṭā ye tān-nibodha dvijottama! |
nāyakā mama sainyasya sañjñārthaṃ tān bravīmi te ||1.7||
nāyakā mama sainyasya sañjñārthaṃ tān bravīmi te ||1.7||
dvijottama[48][49]! asmākaṃ tu ye viśiṣṭāḥ (santi) tān nibodha | te sañjñārthaṃ[50] mama sainyasya (ye) nāyakāḥ[51], tān[52] bravīmi |
And (tu), O the learned among the twice-born! (dvijottama!), Please take note (nibodha) of those (tān), who are the significant ones (viśiṣṭāḥ) amongst ourselves (asmākaṃ), the leaders (nāyakāḥ) of my (mama) army (sainyasya). I introduce (bravīmi) them (tān) for your (te) knowledge (saṃ-jñārthaṃ). ||1.7||
भवान्भीष्मश्च कर्णश्च कृपश्च समितिञ्जयः।
अश्वत्थामा विकर्णश्च सौमदत्तिस्तथैव च॥१.८॥
अन्ये च बहवः शूरा मदर्थे त्यक्तजीविताः।
नानाशस्त्रप्रहरणाः सर्वे युद्धविशारदाः॥१.९॥
bhavān bhīṣmaś[53]-ca karṇaś[54]-ca kṛpaś[55]-ca samitiñjayaḥ |
aśvatthāmā vikarṇaś[56]-ca saumadattis-tathaiva ca[57] ||1.8||
aśvatthāmā vikarṇaś[56]-ca saumadattis-tathaiva ca[57] ||1.8||
anye ca bahavaḥ śūrā madarthe tyaktajīvitāḥ |
nānāśastrapraharaṇāḥ sarve yuddhaviśāradāḥ ||1.9||
nānāśastrapraharaṇāḥ sarve yuddhaviśāradāḥ ||1.9||
bhavān, bhīṣmaḥ ca, karṇaḥ ca, samitiñjayaḥ[58][59] kṛpaḥ ca, aśvatthāmā[60], vikarṇaḥ[61] ca, saumadattiḥ[62]ca tathā eva ....
...anye ca bahavaḥ śūrāḥ nānā-śastra-praharaṇāḥ[63] madarthe tyakta-jīvitāḥ[64][65][66] sarve yuddha-viśāradāḥ[67] (santi) |
Your honour (bhavān), and (ca) Bhīṣma (bhīṣmaḥ), and (ca) Karṇa (karṇaḥ), and (ca) victorious (samitiñjayaḥ) Kṛpa (kṛpaḥ), Aśvatthāmā (aśvatthāmā), and (ca) Vikarṇa (vikarṇaḥ), Saumadatti (saumadattiḥ) and (ca) similarly (tathā eva).... ||1.8||
...and (ca) many (bahavaḥ) other (anye) warriors (śūrāḥ), all (sarve) experts in warfare (yuddha-viśāradāḥ), armed with many kinds of weapons (nānā-śastra-praharaṇāḥ), who are determined to give up their lives (tyakta-jīvitāḥ) for my sake (mad-arthe) (are present on our sides). ||1.9||
(Duryodhana believes his army as unconquerable
compared to that of the Pāṇḍava's)
अपर्याप्तं तदस्माकं बलं भीष्माभिरक्षितम्।
पर्याप्तं त्विदमेतेषां बलं भीमाभिरक्षितम्॥१.१०॥
aparyāptaṃ tad[68]-asmākaṃ balaṃ bhīṣmābhirakṣitam |
paryāptaṃ tvidam-eteṣāṃ balaṃ bhīmābhirakṣitam ||1.10||
paryāptaṃ tvidam-eteṣāṃ balaṃ bhīmābhirakṣitam ||1.10||
bhīṣmābhi-rakṣitam [69]asmākaṃ tat balaṃ aparyāptam[70] | tu bhīmābhi-rakṣitam[71] eteṣām idaṃ balaṃ paryāptaṃ[72] |
That (tat) army (balam) (being larger) of ours (asmākam) well-protected by Bhīṣma (bhīṣmābhi-rakṣitam), cannot be overwhelmed/conquered (aparyāptam), whereas (tu) this (idam) army (balam) of these people (eteṣām), protected by Bhīma (bhīmābhi-rakṣitam), can be overwhelmed/conquered (paryāptam). ||1.10||
अयनेषु च सर्वेषु यथाभागमवस्थिताः।
भीष्ममेवाभिरक्षन्तु भवन्तः सर्व एव हि॥१.११॥
ayaneṣu ca sarveṣu yathābhāgam-avasthitāḥ |
bhīṣmam-evābhirakṣantu bhavantaḥ! sarva[73] eva hi ||1.11||
bhīṣmam-evābhirakṣantu bhavantaḥ! sarva[73] eva hi ||1.11||
Now (ca), stationed (avasthitāḥ) in your respective positions (yathā-bhāgam), in all the divisions (sarveṣu) of the army (ayaneṣu), all (sarve) of you (bhavantaḥ!) should (eva) indeed (hi) especially protect (abhi-rakṣantu) Bhīṣma (bhīṣmam). ||1.11||
(12th-19th - names of various conches blown by both the armies)
तस्य सञ्जनयन्हर्षं कुरुवृद्धः पितामहः।
सिंहनादं विनद्योच्चैः शङ्खं दध्मौ प्रतापवान्॥१.१२॥
tasya sañjanayan-harṣaṃ kuruvṛddhaḥ pitāmahaḥ |
siṃhanādaṃ vinadyoccaiḥ śaṅkhaṃ dadhmau pratāpavān ||1.12||
siṃhanādaṃ vinadyoccaiḥ śaṅkhaṃ dadhmau pratāpavān ||1.12||
pratāpavān kuruvṛddhaḥ[75][76] pitāmahaḥ[77] tasya[78] harṣaṃ sañjanayan[79] uccaiḥ siṃha-nādaṃ vinadya[80] śaṅkhaṃ dadhmau |
To create (sañjanayan) happiness (harṣam) for him (tasya), the valorous (pratāpavān), grandsire (pitāmahaḥ), the oldest of the Kuru family (kuru-vṛddhaḥ), letting out (vinadya) loudly (uccaiḥ) a lion's roar (siṃha-nādam) blew (dadhmau) the conch (śaṅkham). ||1.12||
ततः शङ्खाश्च भेर्यश्च पणवानकगोमुखाः।
सहसैवाभ्यहन्यन्त स शब्दस्तुमुलोऽभवत्॥१.१३॥
tataḥ śaṅkhāś[81]-ca bheryaś[82]-ca paṇavānaka-gomukhāḥ |
sahasaivābhyahanyanta sa śabdas-tumulo’[83]bhavat ||1.13||
sahasaivābhyahanyanta sa śabdas-tumulo’[83]bhavat ||1.13||
tataḥ śaṅkhāḥ, ca bheryaḥ, ca paṇavānaka-gomukhāḥ, sahasā eva ābhyahanyanta[84] | saḥ śabdaḥ tumulaḥ abhavat |
Then (tataḥ), quite (eva) suddenly (sahasā), conches (śaṅkhāḥ), and (ca) kettledrums (bheryaḥ), and (ca) tabors, trumpets, cow-horns (paṇavānaka-gomukhāḥ) blew up (abhyahanyanta). That (saḥ) sound (śabdaḥ) was (abhavat) indeed tremendous (tumulaḥ). ||1.13||
(The heroes enter)
ततः श्वेतैर्हयैर्युक्ते महति स्यन्दने स्थितौ।
माधवः पाण्डवश्चैव दिव्यौ शङ्खौ प्रदध्मतुः॥१.१४॥
tataḥ śvetair-hayair-yukte mahati syandane sthitau |
mādhavaḥ pāṇḍavaś[85]-caiva divyau śaṅkhau pradadhmatuḥ ||1.14||
mādhavaḥ pāṇḍavaś[85]-caiva divyau śaṅkhau pradadhmatuḥ ||1.14||
tataḥ śvetaiḥ hayaiḥ[86] yukte mahati syandane [87]sthitau, mādhavaḥ[88], ca pāṇḍavaḥ[89] eva, divyau śaṅkhau[90] pra-dadhmatuḥ |
Thereafter (tataḥ), Mādhava (mādhavaḥ) and (ca) Pāṇḍava (pāṇḍavaḥ) also (eva) seated (sthitau) in the great (mahati) chariot (syandane) yoked (yukte) with white (śvetaiḥ) horses (hayaiḥ), splendidly blew (pra-dadhmatuḥ) (their) divine (divyau) conches (śaṅkhau). ||1.14||
पाञ्चजन्यं हृषीकेशो देवदत्तं धनञ्जयः।
पौण्ड्रं दध्मौ महाशङ्खं भीमकर्मा वृकोदरः॥१.१५॥
pāñcajanyaṃ hṛṣīkeśo[91] devadattaṃ dhanañjayaḥ |
pauṇḍraṃ dadhmau mahāśaṅkhaṃ bhīmakarmā vṛkodaraḥ ||1.15||
pauṇḍraṃ dadhmau mahāśaṅkhaṃ bhīmakarmā vṛkodaraḥ ||1.15||
hṛṣīkeśaḥ[92] pāñcajanyaṃ[93], dhanañjayaḥ[94] devadattaṃ[95], bhīmakarmā[96] vṛkodaraḥ[97] mahāśaṅkhaṃ pauṇḍraṃ[98] dadhmau |
Hṛṣīkeśa (hṛṣīkeśaḥ) (blew) Pāñcajanya (pāñcajanyam), Dhanañjaya (dhanañjayaḥ) (blew) the Devadatta (devadattam). The person of fierce deeds (bhīmakarmā) and with the stomach of a wolf (vṛkodaraḥ) blew (dadhmau) his huge conch (mahāśaṅkhaṃ) Pauṇḍram (pauṇḍraṃ). ||1.15||
अनन्तविजयं राजा कुन्तीपुत्रो युधिष्ठिरः।
नकुलः सहदेवश्च सुघोषमणिपुष्पकौ॥१.१६॥
anantavijayaṃ rājā kuntīputro[99] yudhiṣṭhiraḥ |
nakulaḥ sahadevaś[100]-ca sughoṣa-maṇipuṣpakau ||1.16||
nakulaḥ sahadevaś[100]-ca sughoṣa-maṇipuṣpakau ||1.16||
kuntīputraḥ rājā[101]yudhiṣṭhiraḥ anantavijayaṃ, nakulaḥ sahadevaḥ ca sughoṣa-maṇipuṣpakau |
King (rājā) Yudhiṣṭhiraḥ (yudhiṣṭhiraḥ), the son of Kunti (kuntīputraḥ), (blew) Anantavijaya (ananta-vijayam), Nakula (nakulaḥ) and (ca) Sahadeva (sahadevaḥ) blew Sughoṣa and Maṇipuṣpaka (sughoṣa-maṇipuṣpakau) (respectively). ||1.16||
काश्यश्च परमेष्वासः शिखण्डी च महारथः।
धृष्टद्युम्नो विराटश्च सात्यकिश्चापराजितः॥१.१७॥
द्रुपदो द्रौपदेयाश्च सर्वशः पृथिवीपते।
सौभद्रश्च महाबाहुः शङ्खान्दध्मुः पृथक्पृथक् ॥१.१८॥
kāśyaś[102]-ca parameṣvāsaḥ śikhaṇḍī ca mahārathaḥ |
dhṛṣṭadyumno[103] virāṭaś[104]-ca sātyakiś[105]-cāparājitaḥ ||1.17||
dhṛṣṭadyumno[103] virāṭaś[104]-ca sātyakiś[105]-cāparājitaḥ ||1.17||
drupado[106] draupadeyāś[107]-ca sarvaśaḥ pṛthivīpate! |
saubhadraś[108]-ca mahābāhuḥ śaṅkhān dadhmuḥ pṛthak pṛthak ||1.18||
saubhadraś[108]-ca mahābāhuḥ śaṅkhān dadhmuḥ pṛthak pṛthak ||1.18||
parameṣvāsaḥ kāśyaḥ, ca mahārathaḥ śikhaṇḍī[109], ca dhṛṣṭadyumnaḥ, ca virāṭaḥ, ca aparājitaḥ sātyakiḥ[110].....
.....drupadaḥ, ca draupadeyāḥ, ca mahābāhuḥ saubhadraḥ[111] pṛthivīpate![112] sarvaśaḥ pṛthak pṛthak śaṅkhān dadhmuḥ |
O! Ruler of the earth (pṛthivīpate)! Expert archer (parameṣvāsaḥ) the king of Kaśī (kāśyaḥ), and (ca) valorous (mahārathaḥ) Śikhaṇḍī (śikhaṇḍī), Dhṛṣṭadyumna (dhṛṣṭadyumnaḥ), and (ca) Virāṭa (virāṭaḥ), and (ca) the unconquered (aparājitaḥ) Sātyaki (sātyakiḥ)..... ||1.17||
.....King Drupada (drupadaḥ), and (ca) the sons of Draupadī (draupadeyāḥ), and (ca) the mighty-armed (mahābāhuḥ) son of Subhadrā[113] (saubhadraḥ), all (sarvaśaḥ) blew (dadhmuḥ) their own (pṛthak pṛthak) conches (śaṅkhān). ||1.18||
स घोषो धार्तराष्ट्राणां हृदयानि व्यदारयत्।
नभश्च पृथिवीं चैव तुमुलोव्यनुनादयन् ॥१.१९॥
sa ghoṣo[114] dhārtarāṣṭrāṇāṃ hṛdayāni vyadārayat |
nabhaś[115]-ca pṛthivīṃ caiva tumulo[116] vyanunādayan ||1.19||
nabhaś[115]-ca pṛthivīṃ caiva tumulo[116] vyanunādayan ||1.19||
saḥ tumulaḥ ghoṣaḥ[117] nabhaḥ ca pṛthivīṃ ca eva vyanunādayan[118] dhārtarāṣṭrāṇāṃ[119] hṛdayāni vyadārayat |
That (saḥ) terrible (tumulaḥ) sound (ghoṣaḥ), reverberating (vyanunādayan) the sky (nabhaḥ) and (ca) the earth (pṛthivīṃ) also (ca) indeed (eva), pierced (vyadārayat) the hearts (hṛdayāni) of the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (dhārtarāṣṭrāṇāṃ). ||1.19||
अथ व्यवस्थितान्दृष्ट्वा धार्तराष्ट्रान् कपिध्वजः।
प्रवृत्ते शस्त्रसम्पाते धनुरुद्यम्य पाण्डवः॥१.२०॥
हृषीकेशं तदा वाक्यमिदमाह महीपते।
atha vyavasthitān dṛṣṭvā dhārtarāṣṭrān kapidhvajaḥ |
pravṛtte śastrasampāte dhanur-udyamya pāṇḍavaḥ ||1.20||
pravṛtte śastrasampāte dhanur-udyamya pāṇḍavaḥ ||1.20||
hṛṣīkeśaṃ tadā vākyam-idam-āha mahīpate! |
mahīpate! atha kapi-dhvajaḥ[120] pāṇḍavaḥ[121] vyavasthitān dhārtarāṣṭrān[122] dṛṣṭvā[123], tadā śastra-sampāte pravṛtte[124] dhanuḥ udyamya[125], hṛṣīkeśam idaṃ vākyam[126] āha.....
O, The ruler of the earth (mahīpate!)!, then (atha), with the weapons (śastra-sampāte) ready to be used (pravṛtte), seeing (dṛṣṭvā) the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (dhārtarāṣṭrān) assembled (vyavasthitān) (on the battlefield), the son of Pāṇḍu (pāṇḍavaḥ), with Kapi in his flag (kapi-dhvajaḥ) lifting (udyamya) his bow (dhanuḥ), then (tadā) said (āha) these (idam) words (vākyam) to Hṛṣīkeśa (hṛṣīkeśam)..... ||1.20-21||
अर्जुन उवाच
सेनयोरुभयोर्मध्ये रथं स्थापय मेऽच्युत॥१.२१॥
यावदेतान्निरीक्षेऽहं योद्धुकामानवस्थितान्।
कैर्मया सह योद्धव्यमस्मिन् रणसमुद्यमे॥१.२२॥
arjuna uvāca
senayor-ubhayor-madhye rathaṃ sthāpaya me’[127]cyuta!||1.21||
senayor-ubhayor-madhye rathaṃ sthāpaya me’[127]cyuta!||1.21||
yāvad[128] etān-nirikṣe’[129]haṃ yoddhukāmān-avasthitān |
kair-mayā saha yoddhavyam-asmin-raṇasamudyame ||1.22||
kair-mayā saha yoddhavyam-asmin-raṇasamudyame ||1.22||
acyuta[130]! ubhayoḥ senayoḥ madhye me rathaṃ sthāpaya | yāvat aham etān avasthitān yoddhukāmān[131] nirikṣe, asmin raṇa-samudyame mayā kaiḥ saha yoddhavyam |
Arjuna said:
O, Acyuta (acyuata!)! Place (sthāpaya) my (me) chariot (ratham) between (madhye) the two (ubhayoḥ) armies (senayoḥ), so that (yāvat) I (aham) can view (nirikṣe) these (etān) people who have assembled (avasthitān) here, to fight (yoddhukāmān), (also to decide) with (saha) who all (kaiḥ) there has to be fight (yoddhavyam) by me (mayā) in this (asmin) business of war (raṇa-samudyame). ||1.21-22||
योत्स्यमानानवेक्षेऽहं य एतेऽत्र समागताः।
धार्तराष्ट्रस्य दुर्बुद्धेर्युद्धे प्रियचिकीर्षवः॥१.२३॥
yotsyamānān-avekṣe’[132]haṃ ya[133] ete’[134]tra samāgatāḥ |
dhārtarāṣṭrasya durbuddher-yuddhe priyacikīrṣavaḥ ||1.23||
dhārtarāṣṭrasya durbuddher-yuddhe priyacikīrṣavaḥ ||1.23||
durbuddheḥ[135] dhārtarāṣṭrasya[136] yuddhe priya-cikīrṣavaḥ[137] ye[138] ete atra samāgatāḥ (tān) yotsyamānān aham avekṣe |
I (aham) wish to see (avekṣe), who (ye) all (ete) have assembled (samāgatāḥ) here (atra), intending to fight (yotsyamānān), in the war (yuddhe), wanting to please (priya-cikīrṣavaḥ) the son of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (dhārtarāṣṭrasya), whose thinking is distorted (dur-buddheḥ). ||1.23||
सञ्जय उवाच
एवमुक्तो हृषीकेशो गुडाकेशेन भारत।
सेनयोरुभयोर्मध्ये स्थापयित्वा रथोत्तमम् ॥१.२४॥
sañjaya uvāca
evam-ukto[139] hṛṣīkeśo[140] guḍākeśena bhārata! |
senayor-ubhayor-madhye sthāpayitvā rathottamam ||1.24||
senayor-ubhayor-madhye sthāpayitvā rathottamam ||1.24||
भीष्मद्रोणप्रमुखतः सर्वेषां च महीक्षिताम्।
उवाच पार्थ पश्यैतान्समवेतान्कुरूनिति ॥१.२५॥
bhīṣmadroṇapramukhataḥ sarveṣāṃ ca mahīkṣitām |
uvāca pārtha paśyaitān samavetān kurūn-iti ||1.25||
uvāca pārtha paśyaitān samavetān kurūn-iti ||1.25||
bhārata[141]! guḍākeśena[142] evam-uktaḥ[143] hṛṣīkeśaḥ[144] ubhayoḥ senayoḥ[145] madhye bhīṣma-droṇa-pramukhataḥ, ca sarveṣāṃ ca mahīkṣitām[146] rathottamaṃ sthāpayitvā[147] uvāca - pārtha[148]! etān samavetān kurūn[149][150]paśya iti |
Sañjaya said:
O, Descendant of Bharata (bhārata!)! Commanded (uktaḥ) thus (evam) by Guḍākeśa (guḍākeśena), Hṛṣīkeśa (hṛṣīkeśaḥ) having placed (sthāpayitvā) the great chariot (rathottamam) in the middle (madhye) of the two (ubhayoḥ) armies (senayoḥ), right in front of Bhīṣma, Droṇa (bhīṣma-droṇa-pramukhataḥ), and (ca) all (sarveṣāṃ) the rulers of the earth mahīkṣitām), and spoke (uvāca) thus: "O, Son of Pṛthā (pārtha)! Look (paśya) at these (etān) Kurus (kurūn) who have gathered here (samavetān). ||1.24-25||
तत्रापश्यत्स्थितान्पार्थः पितॄनथ पितामहान् ।
आचार्यान्मातुलान्भ्रातॄन्पुत्रान्पौत्रान्सखींस्तथा ॥१.२६॥
श्वशुरान्सुहृदश्चैव सेनयोरुभयोरपि ।
tatrāpaśyat sthitān pārthaḥ pitṝn-atha pitāmahān |[151]
ācāryān-mātulān-bhrātṝn-putrān-pautrān-sakhīṃs[152]-tathā ||1.26||
śvaśurān suhṛdaś[153]-caiva senayor-ubhayor-api |
ācāryān-mātulān-bhrātṝn-putrān-pautrān-sakhīṃs[152]-tathā ||1.26||
śvaśurān suhṛdaś[153]-caiva senayor-ubhayor-api |
atha pārthaḥ tatra ubhayoḥ api senayoḥ sthitān pitṛn, pitāmahān, ācāryān, mātulān, bhrātṛn, putrān, pautrān, sakhīn, śvaśurān ca suhṛdaḥ eva āpaśyat....
Then (atha), Pārtha (pārthaḥ) saw (apaśyat) there (tatra) paternal elders (pitṛn), grandfathers (pitāmahān), teachers (ācāryān), maternal uncles (mātulān), brothers and cousins (bhrātṛn), sons (putrān), grandsons (pautrān), and (tathā) friends (sakhīn), fathers-in-law (śvaśurān), and (ca) well-wishers (suhṛdaḥ) as well (eva), stationed (sthitān) in both (ubhayoḥ) the armies (senayoḥ). ||1.26-27||
तान्समीक्ष्य स कौन्तेयः सर्वान्बन्धूनवस्थितान् ॥१.२७॥
कृपया परयाविष्टो विषीदन्निदमब्रवीत् ।
tān-samīkṣya sa kaunteyaḥ sarvān-bandhūn-avasthitān ||1.27||
kṛpayā parayāviṣṭo[154] viṣīdann[155]idamabravīt |
kṛpayā parayāviṣṭo[154] viṣīdann[155]idamabravīt |
tān avasthitān[156] sarvān bandhūn sam-īkṣya[157] saḥ kaunteyaḥ[158] parayā kṛpayā[159] āviṣṭaḥ viṣīdan[160] idam abravīt |
Clearly seeing (sam-īkṣya) all (sarvān) of them (tān) assembled (avasthitān) relatives (bandhūn), he (saḥ) Kaunteya (kaunteyaḥ), overcome (āviṣṭaḥ) by deep (parayā) compassion (kṛpayā), said (abravīt) this (idam) sorrowfully (viṣīdan): ||1.27-28||
अर्जुन उवाच
दृष्ट्वेमं स्वजनं कृष्ण युयुत्सुं समुपस्थितम् ॥१.२८॥
सीदन्ति मम गात्राणि मुखं च परिशुष्यति ।
वेपथुश्च शरीरे मे रोमहर्षश्च जायते ॥१.२९॥
arjuna uvāca
dṛṣṭvemaṃ svajanaṃ kṛṣṇa! yuyutsuṃ samupasthitam |1.28||
sīdanti mama gātrāṇi mukhaṃ ca pariśuṣyati |
vepathuś[161]-ca śarīre me romaharṣaś[162]-ca jāyate ||1.29||
sīdanti mama gātrāṇi mukhaṃ ca pariśuṣyati |
vepathuś[161]-ca śarīre me romaharṣaś[162]-ca jāyate ||1.29||
kṛṣṇa! imaṃ yuyutsuṃ sam-upasthitaṃ svajanaṃ[163] dṛṣṭvā[164] mama gātrāṇi[165] sīdanti, mukhaṃ ca pari-śuṣyati, ...me śarīre vepathuḥ ca romaharṣaḥ ca jāyate |
Arjuna said:
O, Kṛṣṇa! (kṛṣṇa!) Seeing (dṛṣṭvā) my these (imam) own people (svajanam), well-stationed (sam-upasthitam), desirous to fight (yuyutsuṃ), my (mama) limbs (gātrāṇi) are losing all their strength (sīdanti), and (ca) my mouth (mukham) is drying up (pari-śuṣyati), and (ca) my (me) body (śarīre) is shivering (vepathuḥ), and (ca) horripilation (romaharṣaḥ) is taking place (jāyate). ||1.28-29||
गाण्डीवं स्रंसते हस्तात्त्वक्चैव परिदह्यते ।
न च शक्नोम्यवस्थातुं भ्रमतीव च मे मनः॥१.३०॥
gāṇḍīvaṃ sraṃsate hastāt-tvak-caiva paridahyate |
na ca śaknomyavasthātuṃ bhramatīva ca me manaḥ ||1.30||
na ca śaknomyavasthātuṃ bhramatīva ca me manaḥ ||1.30||
hastāt gāṇḍīvaṃ sraṃsate, ca tvak eva pari-dahyate | ca me manaḥ bhramati iva, (ataḥ) avasthātuṃ[166] ca na śaknomi |
The bow Gāṇḍīva (gāṇḍīvam), is slipping (sraṃsate) from my hand (hastāt), and (ca) (my) skin (tvak) is also (eva) burning all over (pari-dahyate). I am also (ca) not (na) able (śaknomi) to stand up (avasthātuṃ), and (ca) my (me) mind (manaḥ) is confused (bhramati) as it were (iva). ||1.30||
(Arjuna's statements Ch.1.31- 44 replied by Kṛṣṇa in Ch.2.31-36)
निमित्तानि च पश्यामि विपरीतानि केशव ।
न च श्रेयोऽनुपश्यामि हत्वा स्वजनमाहवे ॥१.३१॥
nimittāni ca paśyāmi viparītāni keśava! |
na ca śreyo'[167]nupaśyāmi hatvā svajanam āhave ||1.31||
na ca śreyo'[167]nupaśyāmi hatvā svajanam āhave ||1.31||
keśava[168]! nimittāni ca viparītāni[169]paśyāmi | āhave sva-janaṃ hatvā[170] śreyaḥ[171] ca na anu-paśyāmi |
O, Keśava (keśava!)! And (ca) I see (paśyāmi) inauspicious (viparītāni) omens (nimittāni). Also (ca) I do not (na) see (anu-paśyāmi) any good (śreyaḥ) in killing (hatvā) one's own people (sva-janam) in this battle (āhave). ||1.31||
न काङ्क्षे विजयं कृष्ण न च राज्यं सुखानि च ।
किं नो राज्येन गोविन्द किं भोगैर्जीवितेन वा ॥१.३२॥
na kāṅkṣe vijayaṃ kṛṣṇa! na ca rājyaṃ sukhāni ca |
kiṃ no rājyena govinda! kiṃ bhogair-jīvitena vā ||1.32||
kiṃ no rājyena govinda! kiṃ bhogair-jīvitena vā ||1.32||
kṛṣṇa! vijayaṃ na kāṅkṣe, ca na rājyaṃ ca sukhāni (kāṅkṣe) | govinda! naḥ[172] rājyena kiṃ, vā bhogaiḥ jīvitena kiṃ |
O, Kṛṣṇa! (kṛṣṇa!) I do not (na) desire (kāṅkṣe) victory (vijayam), nor (na) even (ca) kingdom (rājyam), or (ca) comforts (sukhāni). O! Govinda (govinda)! What (kim) is the use of kingdom (rājyena), what (kim) of pleasures (bhogaiḥ), or (vā) life (jīvitena) itself to/for us (naḥ)? ||1.32||
येषामर्थे काङ्क्षितं नो राज्यं भोगाः सुखानि च ।
त इमेऽवस्थिता युद्धे प्राणांस्त्यक्त्वा धनानि च ॥१.३३॥
yeṣām-arthe kāṅkṣitaṃ no[173] rājyaṃ bhogāḥ sukhāni ca |
ta ime’[174]vasthitā yuddhe prāṇāṃs[175]-tyaktvā dhanāni ca ||1.33||
ta ime’[174]vasthitā yuddhe prāṇāṃs[175]-tyaktvā dhanāni ca ||1.33||
naḥ[176] yeṣām arthe rājyaṃ, bhogāḥ, sukhāni ca kāṅkṣitaṃ, te[177] ime dhanāni ca prāṇān tyaktvā[178] [179] yuddhe avasthitā |
For whose (yeṣām) sake (arthe) kingdom (rājyaṃ), objects of enjoyments (bhogāḥ), and (ca) pleasures (sukhāni) were desired (kāṅkṣitaṃ) by us (naḥ), they (te) these (ime) have assembled (avasthitāḥ) here in this war (yuddhe), having given up (tyaktvā) these (ime) their lives (prāṇān), and (ca) wealth (dhanāni). ||1.33||
आचार्याः पितरः पुत्रास्तथैव च पितामहाः।
मातुलाः श्वशुराः पौत्राः श्यालाः सम्बन्धिनस्तथा ॥१.३४॥
ācāryāḥ pitaraḥ putrās-tathaiva ca pitāmahāḥ |
mātulāḥ śvaśurāḥ pautrāḥ śyālāḥ sambandhinas-tathā ||1.34||
mātulāḥ śvaśurāḥ pautrāḥ śyālāḥ sambandhinas-tathā ||1.34||
ācāryāḥ, pitaraḥ, putrāḥ ca, tathā eva pitāmahāḥ, mātulāḥ, śvaśurāḥ, pautrāḥ, śyālāḥ, tathā sambandhinaḥ ......
These are (our) teachers (ācāryāḥ), paternal uncles (pitaraḥ), and (ca) sons (putrāḥ), and (tathā) even (eva) grandfathers (pitāmahāḥ), maternal uncles (mātulāḥ), fathers-in-law (śvaśurāḥ), grandsons (pautrāḥ), brothers-in-law (śyālāḥ), and other (tathā) relatives (sambandhinaḥ).... ||1.34||
एतान्न हन्तुमिच्छामि घ्नतोऽपि मधुसूदन ।
अपि त्रैलोक्यराज्यस्य हेतोः किं नु महीकृते ॥१.३५॥
etān-na hantum-icchhāmi ghnato’[180]pi madhusūdana! |
api trailokyarājyasya hetoḥ kiṃ nu mahīkṛte ||1.35||
api trailokyarājyasya hetoḥ kiṃ nu mahīkṛte ||1.35||
madhusūdana![181] ghnataḥ api, trailokya-rājyasya hetoḥ api, etān hantuṃ[182]na icchhāmi | mahīkṛte nu kim[183] |
O, The slayer of demon Madhu (madhu-sūdana!)! Even (api) for the sake of (hetoḥ) ruling over the three worlds (trailokya-rājyasya), I do not (na) want (icchhāmi) to kill (hantum) them (etān), even if (api) I am going to be killed (ghnataḥ); much less (kiṃ nu) for the kingdom on earth (mahīkṛte). ||1.35||
निहत्य धार्तराष्ट्रान्नः का प्रीतिः स्याज्जनार्दन ।
पापमेवाश्रयेदस्मान्हत्वैतानाततायिनः॥१.३६॥
nihatya dhārtarāṣṭrān-naḥ kā prītiḥ syāj[184]janārdana!|
pāpam-evāśrayed[185]-asmān hatvaitān-ātatāyinaḥ ||1.36||
pāpam-evāśrayed[185]-asmān hatvaitān-ātatāyinaḥ ||1.36||
janārdana! dhārtarāṣṭrān nihatya[186] naḥ kā prītiḥ syāt | etān-ātatāyinaḥ[187] hatvā[188] asmān[189] pāpam eva āśrayet |
O, Janārdana[190] (janārdana!)! What (kā) satisfaction/happiness (prītiḥ) would be (syāt) there for us (naḥ) by killing (nihatya) these sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (dhārtarāṣṭrān)? Sin (pāpam) alone (eva) would accrue (āśrayet) to us (asmān) by killing (hatvā) these (etān) assasins (ātatāyinaḥ). ||1.36||
तस्मान्नार्हा वयं हन्तुं धार्तराष्ट्रान्स्वबान्धवान् ।
स्वजनं हि कथं हत्वा सुखिनः स्याम माधव ॥१.३७॥
tasmānnārhā[191] vayaṃ hantuṃ dhārtarāṣṭrān svabāndhavān |
svajanaṃ hi kathaṃ hatvā sukhinaḥ syāma mādhava! ||1.37||
svajanaṃ hi kathaṃ hatvā sukhinaḥ syāma mādhava! ||1.37||
tasmāt sva-bāndhavān dhārtarāṣṭrān[192] hantuṃ[193] vayaṃ[194] na arhāḥ | mādhava! hi sva-janaṃ[195] hatvā[196] kathaṃ sukhinaḥ syāma |
Therefore (tasmāt), on our part (vayam) it is not (na) appropriate (arhāḥ) to kill (hantum) our own relatives (sva-bāndhavān). O Mādhava (mādhava!)! How (katham) would we be (syāma) happy (sukhinaḥ) killing (hatvā) our own people (sva-janam), ||1.37||
(38th and 39th together since yadyapi.... katham)
यद्यप्येते न पश्यन्ति लोभोपहतचेतसः।
कुलक्षयकृतं दोषं मित्रद्रोहे च पातकम् ॥१.३८॥
कथं न ज्ञेयमस्माभिः पापादस्मान्निवर्तितुम्।
कुलक्षयकृतं दोषं प्रपश्यद्भिर्जनार्दन ॥१.३९॥
yadyapyete na paśyanti lobhopahatacetasaḥ |
kulakṣayakṛtaṃ doṣaṃ mitradrohe ca pātakam ||1.38.
kulakṣayakṛtaṃ doṣaṃ mitradrohe ca pātakam ||1.38.
kathaṃ na jñeyam-asmābhiḥ pāpād[197]-asmān[198]nivartitum |
kulakṣayakṛtaṃ doṣaṃ prapaśyadbhir-janārdana! ||1.39||
kulakṣayakṛtaṃ doṣaṃ prapaśyadbhir-janārdana! ||1.39||
yadyapi[199] ete lobhopahata-cetasaḥ[200] kulakṣaya-kṛtaṃ doṣaṃ[201], ca mitradrohe pātakaṃ na paśyanti .....
..... janārdana! kulakṣaya-kṛtaṃ doṣaṃ pra-paśyadbhiḥ asmābhiḥ[202] [203] [204]asmāt pāpāt[205] ni-vartituṃ[206] kathaṃ na jñeyam[207] |
Even (yadi) if (api) these people (ete), whose minds are overpowered by greed (lobhopahata-cetasaḥ), do not (na) see (paśyanti) the sin (doṣam) in destruction of (one's) family (kulakṣaya-kṛtam), and (ca) the sin (pātakam) of betraying one's friends (mitra-drohe)..... ||1.38||
.....O, Janārdana (janārdana!)! why should (katham) not (na) it be realised (jñeyam) by us (asmābhiḥ), who recognise (pra-paśyadbhiḥ) the sin (doṣam) caused by destruction of the family (kulakṣaya-kṛtam), to withdraw (ni-vartitum) from this (asmāt) sin (pāpāt)? ||1.39||
कुलक्षये प्रणश्यन्ति कुलधर्माः सनातनाः।
धर्मे नष्टे कुलं कृत्स्नमधर्मोऽभिभवत्युत ॥१.४०॥
kulakṣaye praṇaśyanti kuladharmāḥ sanātanāḥ |
dharme naṣṭe kulaṃ kṛtsnam adharmo’[208]bhibhavaty-uta ||1.40||
dharme naṣṭe kulaṃ kṛtsnam adharmo’[208]bhibhavaty-uta ||1.40||
kulakṣaye (sati) sanātanāḥ kuladharmāḥ[209] pra-ṇaśyanti | dharme naṣṭe[210] kṛtsnaṃ kulaṃ[211] adharmaḥ uta abhi-bhavati |
When the family is destroyed (kulakṣaye), the ancient (sanātanāḥ) dharmas of the family (kula-dharmāḥ) perish (pra-ṇaśyanti). And (uta) with lost (naṣṭe) dharma (dharme)t, adharma (adharmaḥ) will overwhelm (abhi-bhavati) the entire (kṛtsnam) family (kulam). ||1.40||
अधर्माभिभवात्कृष्ण प्रदुष्यन्ति कुलस्त्रियः।
स्त्रीषु दुष्टासु वार्ष्णेय जायते वर्णसङ्करः॥१.४१॥
adharmābhibhavāt kṛṣṇa! praduṣyanti kulastriyaḥ |
strīṣu duṣṭāsu vārṣṇeya! jāyate varṇasaṅkaraḥ ||1.41||
strīṣu duṣṭāsu vārṣṇeya! jāyate varṇasaṅkaraḥ ||1.41||
kṛṣṇa! adharmābhibhavāt kula-striyaḥ praduṣyanti | vārṣṇeya[212]! strīṣu duṣṭāsu[213] varṇasaṅkaraḥ[214] jāyate |
O, Kṛṣṇa (kṛṣṇa!)! Because of the increase (abhi-bhavāt) of adharma, (adharma) the women in the family (kula-striyaḥ) will be subjected to improper ways (praduṣyanti). O! Vārṣṇeya (vārṣṇeya!)! With the women (strīṣu) falling (duṣṭāsu), the mixing up of the varnas (varṇa-saṅkaraḥ) is created (jāyate) in society. ||1.41||
सङ्करो नरकायैव कुलघ्नानां कुलस्य च।
पतन्ति पितरो ह्येषां लुप्तपिण्डोदकक्रियाः॥१.४२॥
saṅkaro[215] narakāyaiva kulaghnānāṃ kulasya ca |
patanti pitaro[216] hyeṣāṃ luptapiṇḍodakakriyāḥ ||1.42||
patanti pitaro[216] hyeṣāṃ luptapiṇḍodakakriyāḥ ||1.42||
saṅkaraḥ kulaghnānāṃ kulasya ca narakāya eva | eṣāṃ lupta-piṇḍodaka-kriyāḥ pitaraḥ[217] hi patanti |
Indeed (eva), the mixing up of the varnas (saṅkaraḥ) leads/causes the family (kulasya) as well as (ca) the destroyers of the family (kula-ghnānām) to the world of pain (narakāya). Their (eṣām) ancestors (pitaraḥ) denied of their post-death rituals (lupta-piṇḍodaka-kriyāḥ) also (hi) fall (patanti). ||1.42||
दोषैरेतैः कुलघ्नानां वर्णसङ्करकारकैः।
उत्साद्यन्ते जातिधर्माः कुलधर्माश्च शाश्वताः॥१.४३॥
doṣair-etaiḥ kulaghnānāṃ varṇasaṅkarakārakaiḥ |
utsādyante jātidharmāḥ kuladharmāś[218]-ca śāśvatāḥ ||1.43||
utsādyante jātidharmāḥ kuladharmāś[218]-ca śāśvatāḥ ||1.43||
etaiḥ varṇasaṅkara-kārakaiḥ doṣaiḥ[219] kulaghnānāṃ śāśvatāḥ[220] kuladharmāḥ ca jātidharmāḥ utsādyante |
By these (etaiḥ) wrong actions (doṣaiḥ) of those, who destroy family (kula-ghnānām), by creating mixed race in the society (varṇa-saṅkara-kārakaiḥ), the perennial (śāśvatāḥ) dharmas pursued by the community (jātidharmāḥ) and (ca) family (kuladharmāḥ) are destroyed (utsādyante). ||1.43||
उत्सन्नकुलधर्माणां मनुष्याणां जनार्दन।
नरकेऽनियतं वासो भवतीत्यनुशुश्रुम ॥१.४४॥
utsannakuladharmāṇāṃ manuṣyāṇāṃ janārdana! |
narake'[221]niyataṃ vāso[222] bhavatītyanuśuśruma ||1.44||
narake'[221]niyataṃ vāso[222] bhavatītyanuśuśruma ||1.44||
janārdana! utsanna-kuladharmāṇāṃ manuṣyāṇāṃ[223] aniyataṃ[224] narake vāsaḥ bhavatī iti[225] anu-śuśruma[226] |
O, Janārdana (janārdana!)! We have heard (anu-śuśruma) that a life (vāsaḥ) in the world of pain (narake) is (bhavati) inevitable (niyatam iti) for those people (manuṣyāṇām) who destroy the dharma of the family (utsanna-kuladharmāṇām)....
or.... that a life (vāsaḥ) in the world of pain (narake) for an indefinite period is inevitable (a-niyatam) for those people (manuṣyāṇām) whose dharma of the family (utsanna-kuladharmāṇām) have been destroyed. ||1.44||
अहो बत महत्पापं कर्तुं व्यवसिता वयम् ।
यद्राज्यसुखलोभेन हन्तुं स्वजनमुद्यताः॥१.४५॥
aho bata mahat-pāpaṃ kartuṃ vyavasitā vayam |
yad[227]-rājyasukhalobhena hantuṃ svajanam-udyatāḥ ||1.45||
yad[227]-rājyasukhalobhena hantuṃ svajanam-udyatāḥ ||1.45||
aho bata vayaṃ mahat-pāpaṃ[228] kartuṃ[229] vyavasitāḥ, yat rājya-sukha-lobhena svajanaṃ hantum[230] udyatāḥ[231]|
Alas (aho bata)! that (yat) we (vayam) are ready (udyatāḥ) to kill (hantum) our own people (sva-janam) due to greed for a kingdom and its pleasures (rājya-sukha-lobhena), determined (vyavasitāḥ) to commit (kartum) a grave (mahat) sin (pāpam). ||1.45||
यदि मामप्रतीकारमशस्त्रं शस्त्रपाणयः।
धार्तराष्ट्रा रणे हन्युस्तन्मे क्षेमतरं भवेत् ॥१.४६॥
yadi mām-apratīkāram-aśastraṃ śastrapāṇayaḥ |
dhārtarāṣṭrā raṇe hanyus-tan[232] me kṣemataraṃ bhavet ||1.46||
dhārtarāṣṭrā raṇe hanyus-tan[232] me kṣemataraṃ bhavet ||1.46||
yadi mām aśastraṃ[233]apratīkāraṃ[234] śastrapāṇayaḥ[235] dhārtarāṣṭrāḥ[236] raṇe hanyuḥ, tat me kṣemataraṃ bhavet |
It will be (bhavet) better (kṣemataram) for me (me), if (yadi) the sons of Dhṛtarāṣṭra (dhārtarāṣṭrāḥ), with weapons in hand (śastrapāṇayaḥ), were to kill (hanyuḥ) me (mām), who is unarmed (aśastram), does not retaliate (apratīkāram), in the battle (raṇe). ||1.46||
सञ्जय उवाच
एवमुक्त्वार्जुनः सङ्ख्ये रथोपस्थ उपाविशत् ।
विसृज्य सशरं चापं शोकसंविग्नमानसः॥१.४७॥
sañjaya uvāca
evam-uktvārjunaḥ saṅkhye rathopastha upāviśat |
visṛjya saśaraṃ cāpaṃ śokasaṃvignamānasaḥ ||1.47||
visṛjya saśaraṃ cāpaṃ śokasaṃvignamānasaḥ ||1.47||
saṅkhye śoka-saṃvigna-mānasaḥ arjunaḥ[237] evam uktvā[238] saśaraṃ cāpaṃ [239] visṛjya[240] rathopasthe upāviśat | [241]
Sañjaya said:
Having spoken (uktvā) in this manner (evam) in the middle of the battle-field (saṅkhye), Arjuna (arjunaḥ) whose mind was completely overcome by sorrow (śoka-saṃvigna-mānasaḥ), sat down (upāviśat) on the back of the chariot (rathopasthaḥ) casting aside (visṛjya) his bow (cāpaṃ) along with arrows (saśaraṃ). ||1.47||
***
ॐ तत्सदिति श्रीमद्भगवद्गीतासूपनिषत्सुब्रह्मविद्यायां योगशास्त्रे
श्रीकृष्णार्जुनसंवादे अर्जुनविषादयोगो नाम प्रथमोऽध्यायः॥ १॥
oṃ tat sat
iti śrīmad-bhagavadgītāsūpaniṣatsu brahmavidyāyāṃ yogaśāstre śrīkṛṣṇārjuna-saṃvāde arjuna-viṣāda-yogo nāma prathamo’dhyāyaḥ (1)
***
Om, That (tat) is the only reality (sat).
Thus concludes the first chapter titled Arjunaviṣāda-yogaḥ (Topic of Arjuna’s sorrow) in the Bhagavadgītā, which is the essence of the Upaniṣads, whose subject matter is both knowledge of Brahman and Yoga, which is in the form of a dialogue between Śrī Kṛṣṇa and Arjuna.
***
+ eṅaḥ padāntāt ati - Aṣ 6.1.109 (pūrvaḥ, ekaḥ pūrvaparayoḥ, saṃhitāyām)
(ktvā, dhātoḥ, pratyayaḥ, paraśca)
[14] sarcastic
bhīmārjunābhyām samāḥ - 3TP
bhīmārjunayoḥ samāḥ iti vā - 6TP
[46] Abhimanyu
draupadyāḥ apatyam = draupadeyāḥ
eligible to study the Vedas. But here it means Droṇa, the learned amongst brāhmaṇas.
Definition of Sandhi = Saṃhitā
संहितैकपदे नित्या, नित्या धातूपसर्गयोः |
नित्या समासे, वाक्ये तु सा विवक्षामपेक्षते ॥
saṃhitaikapade nityā, nityā dhātūpasargayoḥ |
nityā samāse, vākye tu sā vivakṣām-apakṣate ||
Kauravas.
nānā-śastrāṇi praharaṇāni yeṣāṃ te = nānā-śastra-praharaṇāḥ - Bahuvrīhi
[65] madarthe tyakta-jīvitāḥ - lakṣaṇā vṛtti. They have not yet given up their lives; but have given up
any expectation of lives. ajaha-lakṣaṇā . You bring in another term (āśā), without dropping the
main term (tyakta-jīvitāḥ).
[66] For one general to succeed, the bones of ten thousand soldiers lie drying. - Japanese proverb
- Aṣ 2.1.40
[78] Duryodhana
+ eṅaḥ padāntāt ati - Aṣ 6.1.109 (pūrvaḥ, ekaḥ, pūrvaparayoḥ, saṃhitāyām)
bhidyate, iv) sthālī pacati. vivakṣataḥ kārakāni bhavanti. The cases depend upon the intent of
the speaker. Here - laḥ karmaṇi ca bhāve cākarmakebhyaḥ - Aṣ. 3.4.69 (kartari, dhātoḥ)
[94] Dhanañjaya - sarvān janapadān jitvā vittam ādāya kevalaṃ, madhye dhanasya tiṣṭhāmi tena
āhur-māṃ dhanañjaya | Mahābhārata 2.
[97] vṛkodaraḥ - Bhīma was a great eater, but his stomach always touched his back, just like that of
the wolf (vṛkaḥ).
[113] Abhimanyu
(laṭaḥ, śatru-śānacau, dhātoḥ vartamāne)
dhṛtarāṣṭrāḥ eva dhārtarāṣṭrāḥ - svārthe aṇ
- refers to Arjuna, since he had Hanumān (Kapi) in his flag (dhvaja)
+ lopaḥ śākalyasya – Aṣ 8.3.19 (vyoḥ apūrvasya aśi padasya pūrvatrasiddham,saṁhitāyām)
cottarapada-lopaḥ - Vārtika)
[142] guḍākeśaḥ - guḍayati (saṅkocayati) dehendriyāṇi iti guḍaḥ. tam ākati (prakāśayati) = guḍākā,
īśaḥ = guḍākeśaḥ (an adjective of Arjuna as well as Lord Śiva).
The consonant 'p' has been used beautifully, hence it is Śabdālaṅkāra - Anuprāsa
paraśca)
+ eṅaḥ padāntat ati - Aṣ 6.1.109 (pūrvaḥ, ekaḥ, pūrvaparayoḥ, saṃhitāyām)
Viṣṇu or Kṛṣṇa
paraśca)
anyatarasyām)
anyatarasyām)
[177] yeṣām (relative) te (co-relative)
[179] dhanāni ca prāṇān tyaktvā - lakṣaṇā vṛttti. They have not left their lives, but any expectation of
lives. ajaha-lakṣaṇā. You bring in another term (āśā), without dropping the main term (prāṇān).
+ eṅaḥ padāntat ati - Aṣ 6.1.109 (pūrvaḥ, ekaḥ, pūrvaparayoḥ, saṃhitāyām)
paraśca)
anyatarasyām)
contrary to each other. It means both - one who causes distress to society and also one who
destroys the wicked.
paraśca)
[203] asmābhiḥ (3.3) optional form because of - kṛtyānāṃ kartari vā - Aṣ 2.3.71 (ṣaṣṭhī, anabhihite)
anyatarasyām)
paraśca)
aco yat - Aṣ 3.1.97 (dhātoḥ, pratyayaḥ, paraśca)
+ eṅaḥ padāntat ati - Aṣ 6.1.109 (pūrvaḥ, ekaḥ, pūrvaparayoḥ, saṃhitāyām)
धर्मे नष्टे → कुलं कृत्स्नमधर्मोऽभिभवत्युत॥१.४०॥
अधर्माभिभवात्कृष्ण → प्रदुष्यन्ति कुलस्त्रियः।
स्त्रीषु दुष्टासु वार्ष्णेय → जायते वर्णसङ्करः॥१.४१॥
सङ्करो नरकायैव कुलघ्नानां कुलस्य च।
→ पतन्ति पितरो ह्येषां लुप्तपिण्डोदकक्रियाः॥१.४२॥
दोषैरेतैः कुलघ्नानां वर्णसङ्करकारकैः।
→ उत्साद्यन्ते जातिधर्माः कुलधर्माश्च शाश्वताः॥१.४३॥
उत्सन्नकुलधर्माणां मनुष्याणां जनार्दन।
→ नरकेऽनियतं वासो भवतीत्यनुशुश्रुम॥१.४४॥
paraśca)
paraśca)
cottara-pada-lopaḥ - Vārtika)
(saptami-viśeṣaṇe bahuvrīhi - Aṣ 2.2.35 | anekam anyapadārthe - Aṣ 2.2.24 (bahuvrīhiḥ,
vibhāṣā, sup, samāsaḥ). praharaṇārthebhyaḥ pare niṣṭhā-sampatamyau - Vārtika)
- tena saheti tulyayoge - Aṣ 2.2.28 (bahuvrīhiḥ, vibhāṣā, sup, samāsaḥ)
- vopasarjanasya - Aṣ 6.3.82 (sahasya, saḥ)
despondent.
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